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C.1.1 Simple harmonic oscillations and its conditions

Oscillation: periodic motions which center around an equilibrium position

Wave: transfer of energy without transfer of matter

Simple harmonic motion (SHM): motion in which the restoring force (acceleration) is directly proportional to the displacement of the body from its equilibrium point

Period and amplitude are constant

Period is independent of amplitude

C.1 Simple Harmonic Motion

C.2.1 Traveling waves, wave properties, transverse and longitudinal waves

Traveling waves

continuous disturbance in a medium that travels in the direction of propagation

Energy is transferred by waves, but matter is not transferred by waves

Waves are generated by oscillating sources

C.3.1 Wavefronts and rays, Amplitude and Intensity

Wave characteristics and definitions

Waves can be described in terms of the motion of a wavefront and/or in terms of rays.

Wavefronts: surface joining neighboring points where oscillations are in phase with each other

Can be curves or straight lines

Always perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation

C.3 Wave Phenomena

C.4.1 The nature of standing waves

Standing waves result from the superposition of two opposite identical waves:

Standing waves are formed when the two waves interfere with:

the same amplitude

the same frequency

traveling in opposite directions

In standing waves:

C.4 Standing Waves and Resonance

C.5.1 The Doppler Effect

The Doppler effect

When a source of sound, such as the whistle of a train or the siren of an ambulance, moves away from an observer :

When the observer and the source of wave are both stationary :

C.5.1-1 Diagram of doppler effect (stationary)

When the source starts to move towards the observer, the wavelength of the waves is shortened

C.5 Doppler Effect