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4. Ecosystems

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Understanding points

Evolution

Change in the heritable characteristics of a population
A4.1 Evolution and speciation

Understanding points

Biodiversity

The total number of different species living in a defined area
1.
Genetic: the variety in the gene pool of a species
2.
Species: the number of species present and their relative abundance in an area
A4.2 Conservation of biodiversity

Understanding points

Habitat

The place where an organism lives
•
Includes the geographical location, type of ecosystem, and physical and chemical conditions
•
Biotic factors: living components of an ecosystem, e.g. plants, animals, bacteria
B4.1 Adaptation to environment

Understanding points

Ecological niche

The unique role of an organism in an ecosystem
•
Fundamental: the potential niche in the absence of competition
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Realized: the actual niche due to competition
B4.2 Ecological niches

Understanding points

Population

A group of individuals of the same species living in an area
•
Carrying capacity: maximum population size that an environment can support

Estimation of population size

C4.1 Populations and communities

Understanding points

Open and closed systems

C4.2 Transfer of energy and matter

Understanding points

Sustainability

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Systems are stable if they can continue for an unlimited amount of time
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Sustainability of ecosystems requires a steady supply of energy, nutrient cycling, tolerable climate, and high genetic diversity
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Tipping point: a level of disturbance beyond which irreversible changes occur to the ecosystem
D4.2 Sustainability and change

Understanding points

Climate change

D4.3 Climate change